spectrometer kayan aiki ne na kimiyya, ana amfani da shi don nazarin bakan na radiation na lantarki, yana iya nuna nau'in radiation a matsayin spectrograph wanda ke wakiltar rarraba ƙarfin haske game da tsayin raƙuman ruwa (y-axis shine ƙarfin, x-axis shine tsayin raƙuman ruwa). /yawancin haske).Hasken ya bambanta zuwa madaidaicin raƙuman raƙuman sa a cikin na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ta masu raba katako, waɗanda yawanci prisms ne ko ɓangarorin gratings Hoto 1.
Hoto 1 Spectrum na kwan fitila da hasken rana (hagu), ƙa'idar rarraba katako na grating da priism (dama)
Spectrometers suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen auna nau'in radiation mai faɗi, ko ta hanyar yin nazari kai tsaye ga yanayin fitar da haske ko ta hanyar nazarin tunani, sha, watsawa, ko watsawar haske biyo bayan mu'amalarsa da wani abu.Bayan haske da hulɗar kwayoyin halitta, bakan yana samun canji a cikin wani nau'i mai ban sha'awa ko wani tsayin tsayi na musamman, kuma ana iya nazarin kaddarorin abubuwan da ƙima ko ƙididdigewa bisa ga canjin bakan, kamar nazarin halittu da sinadarai. da abun da ke ciki da kuma maida hankali na jini da ba a sani ba mafita, da kuma nazarin kwayoyin, atomic tsarin da elemental abun da ke ciki na kayan Fig. 2.
Hoto 2 Abubuwan sha na infrared na nau'ikan mai daban-daban
Asali an ƙirƙiro shi don nazarin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, falaki, ilmin sinadarai, spectrometer a yanzu yana ɗaya daga cikin kayan aiki mafi mahimmanci a fagage da yawa kamar injiniyan sinadarai, nazarin kayan aiki, kimiyyar taurari, binciken likitanci, da kuma nazarin halittu.A cikin karni na 17, Isaac Newton ya iya raba hasken zuwa bandeji mai launi mai ci gaba ta hanyar wucewa da farar haske ta hanyar prism kuma ya yi amfani da kalmar "Spectrum" a karon farko don bayyana wannan sakamakon Hoto 3.
Hoto na 3 Isaac Newton yayi nazarin bakan hasken rana tare da priism.
A farkon karni na 19, masanin kimiyya dan kasar Jamus Joseph von Fraunhofer (Franchofer), tare da prisms, diffraction slits da telescopes, ya yi wani nau'i mai ma'ana tare da daidaitattun daidaito da daidaito, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don nazarin bakan na watsi da hasken rana Hoto 4. Ya An lura a karon farko cewa bakan launi bakwai na rana ba ya ci gaba, amma yana da layukan duhu (fiye da layukan 600 masu hankali) akan sa, wanda aka sani da sanannen "Layin Frankenhofer".Ya ba da sunan wanda ya fi bambanta daga cikin waɗannan layukan A, B, C…H kuma ya ƙidaya wasu layukan 574 tsakanin B da H waɗanda suka dace da ɗaukar abubuwa daban-daban akan bakan hasken rana Hoto 5. A lokaci guda kuma, Fraunhofer shine ma da farko don amfani da grating diffraction don samun baƙaƙen layi da kuma ƙididdige tsawon tsayin layin bakan.
Hoto 4. Na'urar hangen nesa na farko, wanda aka duba tare da ɗan adam
Hoto 5 layin Fraun Whaffe (layin duhu a cikin kintinkiri)
Hoto na 6 Bakan Rana, tare da ɓangaren maɗaukaki daidai da layin Fraun Wolfel
A tsakiyar karni na 19, masana kimiyyar Jamus Kirchhoff da Bunsen, sun yi aiki tare a Jami'ar Heidelberg, tare da sabon kayan aikin harshen wuta na Bunsen (Bunsen burner) kuma sun gudanar da bincike na farko ta hanyar lura da takamaiman layin sinadarai daban-daban. (gishiri) yayyafa shi cikin harshen wuta na Bunsen.7. Sun fahimci gwajin ingancin abubuwa ta hanyar lura da spectra, kuma a cikin 1860 sun buga binciken gano nau'ikan abubuwa takwas, kuma sun tabbatar da wanzuwar waɗannan abubuwan a cikin mahalli na halitta da yawa.Abubuwan da suka gano ya haifar da ƙirƙirar wani muhimmin reshe na spectroscopy analytical chemistry: spectroscopic analysis.
Hoto 7 Harshen harshen wuta
A cikin 20s na karni na 20th, masanin ilimin lissafin Indiya CV Raman ya yi amfani da na'urar sikeli don gano tasirin watsewar haske da kwayoyin halitta a cikin maganin kwayoyin halitta.Ya lura cewa hasken da ya faru ya watsu da ƙarfi sama da ƙasa bayan ya yi hulɗa da haske, wanda daga baya ake kiransa Raman watsawa fig 8. Canjin makamashin hasken yana nuna ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, don haka Raman watsawa spectroscopy ana amfani dashi sosai a cikin kayan, magani, sinadarai. da sauran masana'antu don ganowa da kuma nazarin nau'in kwayoyin halitta da tsarin abubuwa.
Hoto 8 Ƙarfin yana canzawa bayan haske ya yi hulɗa tare da kwayoyin halitta
A cikin 30s na karni na 20, masanin kimiya na Amurka Dokta Beckman ya fara ba da shawarar auna shawar hasken ultraviolet a kowane tsayi daban don zayyana cikakkiyar nau'in bakan, wanda hakan ya bayyana nau'in da tattarawar sinadarai a cikin bayani.Wannan hanyar ɗaukar hasken watsawa ta ƙunshi tushen haske, spectrometer, da samfurin.Mafi yawan abun da ke tattare da bayani na yanzu da gano maida hankali ya dogara ne akan wannan bakan shayarwar watsawa.Anan, an raba tushen hasken a kan samfurin kuma ana duba prism ko grating don samun tsayin raƙuman ruwa daban-daban Hoto 9.
Hoto 9 Ka'idar Gano Zuciya -
A cikin 40s na karni na 20, an ƙirƙira na'urar ganowa ta farko kai tsaye, kuma a karon farko, bututun photomultiplier PMTs da na'urorin lantarki sun maye gurbin kallon kallon ido na ɗan adam na al'ada ko fim ɗin hoto, wanda zai iya karantawa kai tsaye tsananin ƙarfin sigina. 10. Don haka, spectrometer a matsayin kayan aikin kimiyya an inganta shi sosai dangane da sauƙin amfani, ma'aunin ƙididdigewa, da hankali a tsawon lokaci.
Hoto 10 Bututu mai ɗaukar hoto
A tsakiyar tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen karni na 20, haɓakar fasahar spectrometer ba za ta iya rabuwa da haɓakar kayan aikin semiconductor na optoelectronic da na'urori ba.A cikin 1969, Willard Boyle da George Smith na Bell Labs sun ƙirƙira CCD (Na'urar Haɗaɗɗen Caji), wanda Michael F. Tompsett ya inganta kuma ya haɓaka zuwa aikace-aikacen hoto a cikin 1970s.Willard Boyle (hagu), George Smith ya lashe lambar yabo ta Nobel don ƙirƙirar CCD (2009) da aka nuna a hoto na 11. A cikin 1980, Nobukazu Teranishi na NEC a Japan ya ƙirƙira ƙayyadaddun photodiode, wanda ya inganta yanayin hayaniyar hoto sosai ƙuduri.Daga baya, a cikin 1995, Eric Fossum na NASA ya ƙirƙira na'urar firikwensin hoto na CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor), wanda ke cinye ƙasa da ƙarfi sau 100 fiye da na'urori masu auna hoton CCD iri ɗaya kuma yana da ƙarancin samarwa.
Hoto 11 Willard Boyle (hagu), George Smith da CCD su (1974)
A ƙarshen karni na 20, ci gaba da haɓakawa na semiconductor optoelectronic guntu sarrafawa da fasaha na masana'antu, musamman tare da aikace-aikacen CCD da CMOS a cikin spectrometers Hoto na 12, yana yiwuwa a sami cikakken kewayon bakan a ƙarƙashin faɗuwar guda ɗaya.A tsawon lokaci, spectrometers sun sami amfani mai yawa a cikin aikace-aikace masu yawa, ciki har da amma ba'a iyakance ga gano launi / aunawa ba, bincike na tsawon Laser, da kuma hasken haske, rarrabawar LED, hotuna da kayan ji na haske, haske mai haske, Raman spectroscopy, da ƙari. .
Hoto 12 Daban-daban kwakwalwan CCD
A cikin karni na 21st, ƙira da fasaha na kera nau'ikan nau'ikan sifofi daban-daban sun girma a hankali kuma sun daidaita.Tare da karuwar buƙatun na'urori masu auna sigina a cikin kowane fanni na rayuwa, haɓakar na'urori masu auna firikwensin ya zama mafi sauri da takamaiman masana'antu.Baya ga alamomin ma'auni na gani na al'ada, masana'antu daban-daban sun keɓance buƙatun girman girma, ayyukan software, mu'amalar sadarwa, saurin amsawa, kwanciyar hankali, har ma da farashin na'urori masu auna sigina, yana sa haɓakar sitirometer ya zama mafi rarrabuwa.
Lokacin aikawa: Nuwamba-28-2023